e200 additive

TCCA is typically available in granular or tablet form, making it easy to handle and apply. The stability of TCCA under various environmental conditions also adds to its appeal, as it can be stored for extended periods without significant degradation. This stability makes it a popular choice for both on-site and long-term water treatment solutions.

Biologically, formic acid is of interest due to its role in various metabolic pathways. It is involved in the biosynthesis of several important biomolecules and serves as a key intermediate in metabolic processes. The understanding of formic acid's role in enzymatic reactions has implications for biochemistry and the development of novel pharmaceuticals.

In summary, carrageenan serves as a potent thickening agent with diverse applications in the food industry. Its natural origins, functional properties, and ability to enhance texture and stability make it a favored ingredient in many products. While concerns have been raised about its safety, current research indicates that when used appropriately, carrageenan is safe for consumption. As the demand for plant-based and gluten-free products continues to rise, carrageenan will likely maintain its position as an essential thickening agent in the industry.

The pharmaceutical industry also utilizes ammonium bicarbonate in various formulations. It can act as a buffering agent to help maintain stable pH levels in medications, ensuring optimal efficacy. Additionally, ammonium bicarbonate can be employed in the production of certain active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), facilitating specific chemical reactions necessary for drug manufacturing.

Isopropyl alcohol, commonly known as isopropanol or rubbing alcohol, has garnered significant attention in both household and industrial applications, particularly in its 90% concentration form. This powerful solvent and antiseptic agent plays a crucial role in various fields, including healthcare, cleaning, and manufacturing.

The skin of an adult person is, in most places, covered with a relatively thick (∼10 μm) barrier of keratinised dead cells. One of the main questions is still whether TiO₂ NPs are able to penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin. The majority of studies suggest that TiO₂ NPs, neither uncoated nor coated (SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂/Al₂O₃) of different crystalline structures, penetrate normal animal or human skin. However, in most of these studies the exposures were short term (up to 48 h); only few long-term or repeated exposure studies have been published. Wu et al.83 have shown that dermal application of nano-TiO₂ of different crystal structures and sizes (4–90 nm) to pig ears for 30 days did not result in penetration of NPs beyond deep epidermis. On the other hand, in the same study the authors reported dermal penetration of TiO₂ NPs with subsequent appearance of lesions in multiple organs in hairless mice, that were dermal exposed to nano-TiO₂ for 60 days. However, the relevance of this study for human exposure is not conclusive because hairless mice skin has abnormal hair follicles, and mice stratum corneum has higher lipid content than human stratum corneum, which may contribute to different penetration. Recently Sadrieh et al. performed a 4 week dermal exposure to three different TiO₂ particles (uncoated submicron-sized, uncoated nano-sized and coated nano-sized) in 5 % sunscreen formulation with minipigs. They found elevated titanium levels in epidermis, dermis and in inguinal lymph nodes, but not in precapsular and submandibular lymph nodes and in liver. With the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis the authors confirmed presence of few TiO₂ particles in dermis and calculated that uncoated nano-sized TiO₂ particles observed in dermis represented only 0.00008 % of the total applied amount of TiO₂ particles. Based on the same assumptions used by the authors in their calculations it can be calculated that the total number of particles applied was 1.8 × 10¹³ /cm² and of these 1.4 x10⁷/cm² penetrated. The surface area of skin in humans is around 1.8 m²  and for sun protection the cream is applied over whole body, which would mean that 4 week usage of such cream with 5 % TiO₂ would result in penetration of totally 2.6 × 10¹⁰ particles. Although Sadrieh et al.concluded that there was no significant penetration of TiO₂ NPs through intact normal epidermis, the results are not completely confirmative.

We use titanium dioxide as a colourant in some home care products, including in laundry detergents, dishwasher tablets and toilet blocks.

Following a request for assessment in 2020 by the EU, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assessed E171, particularly for its genotoxicity. In 2022, the agency deemed the food additive no longer safe for use.  

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are two widely used industrial materials with various applications. In this article, we will discuss the importance of CaCO3 and TiO2 in manufacturing processes and their impact on the global economy.